tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87419167810022273442024-03-14T05:56:36.054-07:00RITVIK DAVERitvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-54414810887773563862017-05-12T20:16:00.001-07:002017-05-12T20:16:51.879-07:00Design Over & Under Voltage Protection Circuit<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9HJ0-lXolwA" width="480"></iframe><br /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Design Over & Under Voltage Protection Circuit</div><div style="text-align: center;">Free Course on Udemy <a href="https://www.udemy.com/design-over-under-voltage-protection-circuit/" target="_blank">https://www.udemy.com/design-over-under-voltage-protection-circuit/</a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Course link : https://www.udemy.com/design-over-under-voltage-protection-circuit/</div>Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-44313797812366819012017-03-15T23:11:00.000-07:002017-03-15T23:17:48.123-07:00Design Over & Under Voltage Protection Circuit (stabilizer) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over & Under Voltage Protection Circuit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A <b>OV-UV Protection
circuit/ Circuit breaker</b> is an automatically operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current,
typically resulting from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates
once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually
or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-current circuits or
individual household appliance, up to large switchgear designed to protect high
voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The generic function of a circuit
breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic means of removing power from a faulty
system is often abbreviated to ADS (Automatic Disconnection of Supply).
< Wikipedia ><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Terminology: You Must Know</span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">1. </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Voltage Divider</span></u></b></h4>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A voltage divider (also known as a
potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage
(V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">out</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">) that is a
fraction of its input voltage (V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">in</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">). In other words if you have a voltage supply of 10 Volt but you want
only 6 Volt as excitation of your circuit, then the simplest solution is to use
a voltage divider circuit(only two resistors).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">How to do? => Choose a random
value for R1 let’s say 1kΩ then to find R2’s value use this formula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Vout = Vin(R2/(R1+R2))</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hence R2 is 1.5kΩ and your circuit
should look like<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Comparator</span></u></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A comparator circuit compares two
voltages and outputs either a V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DD</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (the voltage at the plus side) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side)
to indicate which is larger. Comparators are used to check whether an input has
reached some reference value. In most cases some comparator IC’s like LM339 is
used for this purpose, but op-amps may be used as an alternative. In this
exercise we are using a comparator IC LM339 which works as explained in diagram
below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbY-1Nnr_-xKyGTa5-5xCN9iGC4U32o6ApbX_5ybbyXDMGdCr9cGuuAr77tTzGDckOpPbLOsRLbMdEz1rdYRqbs6Ls65M8XUUp4eM7rH-Sy7ZKvZjhoubRT7TsUTJtiwX3af-IizxzAhVI/s1600/comparator.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbY-1Nnr_-xKyGTa5-5xCN9iGC4U32o6ApbX_5ybbyXDMGdCr9cGuuAr77tTzGDckOpPbLOsRLbMdEz1rdYRqbs6Ls65M8XUUp4eM7rH-Sy7ZKvZjhoubRT7TsUTJtiwX3af-IizxzAhVI/s640/comparator.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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3<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Relay Driver Circuit</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A typical digital logic output pin
can only supply tens of mA of current. Larger devices like Light Bulbs, Motors,
Fan, TV, Refrigerators might even need several amps. But a Relay requires only
a few mA to operate and can be used as a switch for such high current seeking
devices. To switch ON and OFF relay a Transistor based driving circuit is
needed as shown in figure below. When Base current is not present Transistor is
in cut-off region (switch off) but when a sufficient amount of current is
provided on the Base terminal Transistor comes under saturation region (switch
ON)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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4<b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Zener Diode</span></u></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A Zener diode allows current to flow
from its anode to its cathode like a normal semiconductor diode, but it also
permits current to flow in the reverse direction when its "Zener
voltage" is reached.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Zener diodes are widely used in
electronic equipment of all kinds and are one of the basic building blocks of
electronic circuits. They are used to generate low power stabilized supply
rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits,
especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits
from over-voltage and provides a constant value across it as shown in figure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU27chhBf6LBJhF79UKlUqgneMKiiO6baKtkltA08x7eGSi7GbcsP1ALVyOku7CJHq5btNqxn4-B9iAgsOUVV_N5BYVoJB-cUCTRJxo-FHhyphenhyphenMFMdylCyYQBF_9Dj2hzYCYF2Tut42hCa7n/s1600/zener_regulator.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU27chhBf6LBJhF79UKlUqgneMKiiO6baKtkltA08x7eGSi7GbcsP1ALVyOku7CJHq5btNqxn4-B9iAgsOUVV_N5BYVoJB-cUCTRJxo-FHhyphenhyphenMFMdylCyYQBF_9Dj2hzYCYF2Tut42hCa7n/s320/zener_regulator.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What are we
designing?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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We are going to design a protection circuit
for electrical appliances say a Refrigerator. This circuit will protect
(cut-off) your refrigerator if the Line Voltage (AC Voltage coming to your
electric plug) exceeds 250V or reduce below 180V. The block diagram below
showing different units of a circuit breaker.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTQ5eU1Ke4HF3-iy9cawD3gtejcm4XWa6Yp5DZ4iBzQ4KovVSEWmr6FsMN4Oy_boe7LQYTC7ZB2d3B5vWuWfwEKtnQeXIPa9gy0tgw2qCpak6qCfCdMdqMUZafRw8IUnh7aOcEnuA6b-B/s1600/block.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTQ5eU1Ke4HF3-iy9cawD3gtejcm4XWa6Yp5DZ4iBzQ4KovVSEWmr6FsMN4Oy_boe7LQYTC7ZB2d3B5vWuWfwEKtnQeXIPa9gy0tgw2qCpak6qCfCdMdqMUZafRw8IUnh7aOcEnuA6b-B/s640/block.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We will design this circuit in reverse order (Last block
will be designed first) to maintain the accuracy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Designing
Relay Driving Circuit:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Designing of Relay Driving Circuit is discussed is previous
exercise which involves following steps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">è<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Measurement of Relay Coil
Resistance (R</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">coil</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">è<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Find Current required by coil/
collector current for transistor (Ic)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">è<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Selection of transistor and
current gain (β)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">è<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Calculate Base Current(I</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">è<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Choose Base voltage as 3.3V (TTL V</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">OH(min)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">) and find value of Base
Resistance (R</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Values for our
design are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">Rcoil=71.9Ω, Ic=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">69.541mA</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">, β</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">min</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">=35 , I</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">=</span><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.986mA</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"> , R</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1.359 K</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ω</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">NOTE: Value
of R</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">B </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">for your circuit may be different because of different Coil resistance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4xL75elp1gFGLhQbW-sxeQ17rAwc87w3LOUoyBEA7e0KgbH5qqdUXThYCj7esEU9p7DeIKO3kRa8upW43dwdjYee5GhmP-D8hNkUZllv8mCZmqcE3iXEjrY3oo8MV7SNlL4us5aJwwiN/s1600/Untitled+Sketch_schem+-+Copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4xL75elp1gFGLhQbW-sxeQ17rAwc87w3LOUoyBEA7e0KgbH5qqdUXThYCj7esEU9p7DeIKO3kRa8upW43dwdjYee5GhmP-D8hNkUZllv8mCZmqcE3iXEjrY3oo8MV7SNlL4us5aJwwiN/s400/Untitled+Sketch_schem+-+Copy.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Now test this circuit in all respects and be sure that it is
working properly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Design of Comparing
Circuit:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
For this
design we are using LM339 Quad-Comparator IC. Now to set two reference voltages
for comparator inputs we will use Zener diodes as voltage regulator. This
manual is using a 4.7V Zener (Corresponding to 180V AC) and a 5.6V Zener (corresponding
to 250V AC) to set reference voltages as shown in figure. (You can use any
value of Zener diode but make sure both should be different)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_7lNmhIsEgzr9d8cC26e7W3gsLN2oiQf2Rnmdwn7I4uLJXA4IHCZ6h_JawDZCEOB7Mjqc4V10UjA3hcW6wa2-oXgVOttG9EFC6plR1_pTm6o-Uw_wT0pQzb6ORxp9mUHwrfhNvufgnMQ/s1600/comparator_circuit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_7lNmhIsEgzr9d8cC26e7W3gsLN2oiQf2Rnmdwn7I4uLJXA4IHCZ6h_JawDZCEOB7Mjqc4V10UjA3hcW6wa2-oXgVOttG9EFC6plR1_pTm6o-Uw_wT0pQzb6ORxp9mUHwrfhNvufgnMQ/s320/comparator_circuit.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Selection of Rs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
current through the resistor Rs is given by (KVL and Ohm's law):</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> I= (Vin - Vz)/Rs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
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mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:#242729;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><m:r>I</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
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font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
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line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
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EN-GB'><m:r>Rs</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
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<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
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<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This is
the <i>maximum</i> current through the Zener diode and so, <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">R</span></i></span><i><span style="border: none 1.0pt; color: #242729; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%; padding: 0cm;">S</span></i><span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> is chosen to limit the current
through the diode to some value such that the maximum power dissipated by the
diode is below the maximum power rating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If max
Power Rating =500mW(datasheet), Vz=5.6V then Iz=89.28mA and I</span><span style="color: #242729; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">IO</span><span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">=50nA(max) then from above equation Rs=(12-5.6)/(89.28m-50n).</span><span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Hence Rs is nearly 72Ω but for safety purpose
we are using 1KΩ instead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #242729; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Working of Comparator Block</span></b><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">à</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Negative input of C1 and positive
input of C2 are referenced as 5.6V and 4.7V respectively. Hence if voltage at
positive input of C1 is greater than 5.6V than voltage at Vout will be higher.
It will also higher if voltage at negative input of C2 will be lesser than 4.7V
and LOW otherwise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Coupling 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> Block<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-WQto48zKwKmA4MWQHMUESST0UmFwEAwTkAG5oqHDeNy8MsUR4bmtLnR2gSHTG59r8NAJez4AMr5XoRYF4lIw-iaHLrm7G1sb9fv0tUnh8ztIfKCuE2DdXGodvPkRFWIsCiasV2TpfO9A/s1600/firstPLUSsecond.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-WQto48zKwKmA4MWQHMUESST0UmFwEAwTkAG5oqHDeNy8MsUR4bmtLnR2gSHTG59r8NAJez4AMr5XoRYF4lIw-iaHLrm7G1sb9fv0tUnh8ztIfKCuE2DdXGodvPkRFWIsCiasV2TpfO9A/s640/firstPLUSsecond.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Working :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> As
mentioned above whenever the voltage at comparator side reach beyond <b>5.</b>6V
or below 4.7V, Vout becomes high and provide a sufficient amount of current to
base of transistor which energize the relay and circuit connected in its output
start functioning. But when the input of comparator is in the range of 4.7V to
5.6V Vout remains 0V, no current flows through Base and hence relay will remain
off.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Need of D1 & D2</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The working of our circuit is such
that output of either one of the two comparator will high or both zero. So in
case C2’s output is high D1 will not allow the current I</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> to enter into C1. D2 also perform
the similar task in case output of C1 is high.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Voltage Step down from 230V to 12V</span><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Now we need some samples from voltage supply of our house
(which is also the input for your Refrigerator) and we have to convert this
voltage to a small value Vc such that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Vc = 5.61V when V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AC</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(supply) =250V</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
Vc = 4.69V when V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AC</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(supply) =180V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Why?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So that when the supply
goes beyond 250V, output of Block 1 will be 5.61V which will be the input of
Comparators and output of C1 will high. In case input is 4.69V (for AC 180V),
output of C2 will high and turn on the relay which will switch off your
Refrigerator.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 255.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So for
this purpose we need two voltage divider circuit as shown in figure. To
calculate the values of R1, R2, R3 and R4 follow these steps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Assemble
this circuit without connecting R1, R2, R3 and R4 in the circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Choose
an appropriate value of Capacitor for filter circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Increase
the input AC voltage to 250V and measure the output voltage (Vo1) across
capacitor. Now to divide this Vo to get VB = 5.61V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Select R2’s value as 5.6kΩ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Calculate R1 as <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> V</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">B</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> = Vo1(R2/(R1+R2))</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>VB</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r>Vo</m:r><m:r>1(</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Cambria Math";font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>1+</m:r><m:r>R</m:r><m:r>2</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>)</m:r></span></i></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:105pt;
height:28.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For this circuit it is calculated as
R1=19kΩ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>iv.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Decrease
the input voltage to 180V and measure the voltage (Vo2) across capacitor. And
follow the same procedure to calculate the value of R3 and R4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsBXRjV3Gwq79WyVIjfsDkRqpSQ529i9xiorsUWgeJFrmeB5gEeDsSEFrTKO05p0QjdG8N5C6jvtsJpHbndtLOZJiUgeS94Z1djrsZWp8ZymFoozNAdmSSf8kcS0c_bDFTCspPs_8t03dU/s1600/tx.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsBXRjV3Gwq79WyVIjfsDkRqpSQ529i9xiorsUWgeJFrmeB5gEeDsSEFrTKO05p0QjdG8N5C6jvtsJpHbndtLOZJiUgeS94Z1djrsZWp8ZymFoozNAdmSSf8kcS0c_bDFTCspPs_8t03dU/s640/tx.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Coupling 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd </sup>and 3<sup>rd</sup> Block<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> --> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Connect
V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> to ‘–‘pin of
comparator 2 (C2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> --> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Connect
V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> to ‘+’ pin of
comparator 1 (C1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEghG7b7JEAs15vEyBH1rmrzRGyNdjOUdVWTWvG77biYPDrYtpszQmSeN6K0z_fD-VTl1XfTSR2f_r93iQ2tLbe7Dq2IWxlfm8HteqX-nPr3OGXP4EumY7lHtezbCnkuLTQUgNo_i8x5zB/s1600/full.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEghG7b7JEAs15vEyBH1rmrzRGyNdjOUdVWTWvG77biYPDrYtpszQmSeN6K0z_fD-VTl1XfTSR2f_r93iQ2tLbe7Dq2IWxlfm8HteqX-nPr3OGXP4EumY7lHtezbCnkuLTQUgNo_i8x5zB/s1600/full.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify;">
Still there
are two additional DC power supplies of 6V (for Relay) and 12V (for comparator
IC) are needed to operate this circuit. But the final product should not
require such additional supplies, right?? So now we will work for removing
these.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Connect a 7812 Voltage Regulator IC across the
capacitor to provide 12V DC to Comparator IC (as shown in figure).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->To provide Voltage to relay (6V) again we need a
voltage regulator circuit <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->We make use of 6V Zener diode for this purpose.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Connect a 100 Ω resistor in series with Zener to
provide sufficient amount of current to relay coil (needs at least 70mA which
is Ic).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now test this circuit by varying
the line voltage from 100V-260V and observe the results. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">How My Circuit should function</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">?</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If
your Line voltage is in the range of 180V-250V, output of both comparator C1
and C2 will be 0V, no Base current will flow in the transistor so collector
current will flow. Because Ic = 0A, relay will not energized and hence light
bulb connected in output circuit will remain ON.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 255.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As
soon as line voltage decreases below 180V, V</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Output of Block 3) becomes nearly 4.69V (or
<4.7V) and hence the output of comparator C2 goes high and a sufficient
amount of current flow in the base of transistor which drive collector current
to energize relay. Now relay disables output circuit and the electric appliance
connected in output goes OFF.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When
line voltage reaches beyond 250V, V</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Output of Block 3) reaches 5.61V (or >5.6V)
because of which output of comparator C1 goes high and a Base current I</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">flows to energize the relay and
disable the output circuit to protect electric appliance (Bulb/Refrigerator)
connected in that circuit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.renesas.com/en-us/support/technical-resources/engineer-school/electronic-circuits-03-op-amps-comparator-circuit.html">https://www.renesas.com/en-us/support/technical-resources/engineer-school/electronic-circuits-03-op-amps-comparator-circuit.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://developer.mbed.org/users/4180_1/notebook/relays1/">https://developer.mbed.org/users/4180_1/notebook/relays1/</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/81429/why-do-we-connect-a-resistor-before-a-zener-diode">http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/81429/why-do-we-connect-a-resistor-before-a-zener-diode</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-58718964219438492842017-01-08T00:47:00.000-08:002017-01-08T00:47:43.350-08:00How Line Tester Works?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UfXy2FBkPaE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UfXy2FBkPaE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-25168418443358709502016-12-21T09:42:00.001-08:002016-12-21T09:42:52.895-08:00How to use Multisim<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CgAwp1hXDPU" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-18286875482974177342016-12-14T06:25:00.001-08:002016-12-14T06:25:48.617-08:00Introduction to Nanotechnology<iframe width="459" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RuJddjrVZmc" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen=""></iframe>Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-90685268536647443612016-10-31T03:12:00.000-07:002017-07-12T10:22:44.882-07:00Book: Raspberry Pi with Python A guide for beginners<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dear Readers,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> This book will
helps you to learn about Raspberry Pi and basics of Python
Programming language. Knowledge of these things are major requirements of
electronics and IT industries today. This book is all about Raspberry Pi which is a credit card size computer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">About Raspberry PI</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is an
credit card sized small computer whose 1<sup>st
</sup> version was released in February
2012 in UK by Raspberry pi foundation for promoting
learning of basics
computer in schools. It’s project were started in 2006 in UK Eben Upton
and computer Enthusiasts from Cambridge university. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">About Book</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFLlLz-tAL6av_kwhpk8NxY9ptO-bxIVYVpPBWFTqhi0syCumaUugJHlqu1jayv2ZgBEkGZ25AH6H9KXWPpGEUZbCht_rRM_PiOlKzLiv9vChGNc07wOIiTX4-MD3vsrzQpmq3EdeaUTLD/s320/cover.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="225" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1D2VpiQUb4NLXJGYUxBM1E1VWc" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1D2VpiQUb4NLXJGYUxBM1E1VWc</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The text in the book has been presented in 7 Parts so to
understand for a beginner the process of
setting up Raspberry Pi and program it with python. There would many technologies
and RPi version release in future but For
this book I recommend a Raspberry Pi2 model B. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> download the Book from here..</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1D2VpiQUb4NLXJGYUxBM1E1VWc" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1D2VpiQUb4NLXJGYUxBM1E1VWc</a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table of Contents</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.1: INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><w:ptab alignment="RIGHT" leader="DOT" relativeto="MARGIN"></w:ptab> </span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.2: Basic PYTHON</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.3: LINUX</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.4: Prepare SD Card for RPi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.5: Connections </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-->Using HDMI screen &
keyboard/mouse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left: .15in; text-indent: .35in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-->Linux
terminal in Windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left: .15in; text-indent: .35in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-->Using
Wired/Wireless Connections<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.6: GPIO Interfacing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoToc1">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Part.7: Sensors Interfacing & Introduction to Internet
of Things</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PIR motion Sensor & Ultrasonic
Sensor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> -->Controlling Direction & Speed
of DC Motor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*Spacial Thanks to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Ganesh Gore and Mr. Karan Nair, Eduvance, Mumbai for giving valuable training.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hope You will like this. Improvement and reviews are invited at <a href="mailto:ritvikdaveidra@gmail.com" target="_blank">ritvikdaveidra@gmail.com</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8741916781002227344.post-43068763450536862522015-12-28T01:20:00.000-08:002015-12-28T01:20:23.821-08:00SCHOOL LIFE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
LIFE IN <span style="color: blue;">SCHOOL</span> IS LIKE HAVEN. THERE WE ONLY GET KNOWLEDGE. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LIFE..... KNOWLEDGE OF OTHER MINDS ......KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURE......KNOWLEDGE OF OUR SELF . SCHOOLS HAVE ALL THE POWERS.<br />
<span style="color: orange;">SCHOOL HAS POWER TO MAKE GOOD HUMAN BEINGS...</span><br />
<span style="color: lime;">SCHOOL HAS POWER TO STOP CORRUPTION.....</span><br />
<span style="color: #741b47;">SCHOOL HAS POWER TO STOP RAPES.. </span><br />
<span style="color: red;">SCHOOL HAS POWER TO ERASE ISIS...</span><br />
<span style="color: #274e13;">SCHOOL HAS POWER TO MAKE THE WORLD HAVEN...</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeXlqueFFNw3SSTpVs8ViixkcDWpWAOC7XIZcGgHHrtB-d-pefBq-t8u1b2Dxh6IMAFf3S8oMdsZG6-3iFbyCLKNPZtHL95l7a3BsinE9KZGRNoWbi0XZHwvXENR9th2I4fiSqIr75vrl/s1600/school_supplies_03_hd_picture_168457.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeXlqueFFNw3SSTpVs8ViixkcDWpWAOC7XIZcGgHHrtB-d-pefBq-t8u1b2Dxh6IMAFf3S8oMdsZG6-3iFbyCLKNPZtHL95l7a3BsinE9KZGRNoWbi0XZHwvXENR9th2I4fiSqIr75vrl/s320/school_supplies_03_hd_picture_168457.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div>
Ritvik Davehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13779338458554227387noreply@blogger.com0